1. Choking

When LN2 boils, it produces gaseous nitrogen, which expels oxygen from the air. This can lead to an oxygen-deficient environment, which can lead to suffocation, especially if drained into an enclosed space.

2. Cold burns

Because of its extremely low temperature, the cold vapors and gases produced when LN2 boils can cause cold burns or frostbite on contact with unprotected skin. Exposure may also cause respiratory discomfort and may trigger asthma attacks in sensitive individuals.

3. Fire in an oxygen-enriched environment

LN 2 can condense oxygen in the atmosphere. Liquid oxygen creates potentially flammable or explosive conditions by greatly increasing the flammability of many materials (e.g. solvents, hydrocarbons).

4. Pressure increase/ice plug formation

Due to the large expansion ratio (liquid to gas), if LN 2 evaporates in a closed system, the pressure may increase and there is a high risk of explosion. Without pressure relief holes, ice plugs can form in the necks of narrow storage vessels because water is easily condensed into ice by LN. This will cause the pressure inside the storage vessel to increase.

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